↑ Hughes, Rebekkah (ngày 29 tháng 10 năm 2014). “Happy Hallowe'en Surrey!” (PDF). The Stag (University of Surrey). tr. 1. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 2015. Halloween or Hallowe'en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians.
↑ Don't Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned (Davis), HarperCollins, page 231
↑ Portaro, Sam (ngày 25 tháng 1 năm 1998). A Companion to the Lesser Feasts and Fasts. Cowley Publications. tr. 199. ISBN1461660513. All Saints' Day is the centerpiece of an autumn triduum. In the carnival celebrations of All Hallows' Eve our ancestors used the most powerful weapon in the human arsenal, the power of humor and ridicule to confront the power of death. The following day, in the commemoration of All Saints, we gave witness to the victory of incarnate goodness embodied in remarkable deeds and doers triumphing over the misanthropy of darkness and devils. And in the commemoration of All Souls we proclaimed the hope of common mortality expressed in our aspirations and expectations of a shared eternity. ||ngày truy cập= cần |url= (trợ giúp)
↑ "Halloween." History.com. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 10 năm 2013.
↑ Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 2011. Halloween, also called All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date.
↑ Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 2011. Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.
↑ Austrian information. 1965. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 2011. The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other heathen customs intertwined with Christian practice.
↑ “BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve”. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 11 năm 2011. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions also claims that Hallowe'en "absorbed and adopted the Celtic new year festival, the eve and day of Samhain". However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.
↑ Rogers, Nicholas (2003). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. tr. 22. ISBN9780195168969. Festivals commemorating the saints as opposed to the original Christian martyrs appear to have been observed by 800. In England and Germany, this celebration took place on 1st November. In Ireland, it was commemorated on 20th April, a chronology that contradicts the widely held view that the November date was chosen to Christianize the festival of Samhain. ||ngày truy cập= cần |url= (trợ giúp)
↑ Skog, Jason (2008). Teens in Finland. Capstone. tr. 31. ISBN9780756534059. Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow's Eve and Christmas Eve, cemeteries are known as valomeri, or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased.
↑ “All Hallows Eve Service” (PDF). Duke University. Ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 2012. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 5 năm 2014. About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning on the night before.
↑ “The Christian Observances of Halloween”. National Republic (Indiana University Press) 15: 33. Ngày 5 tháng 5 năm 2009. Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the "All Hallow's Eve" festival.
1 2 Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). Companion to the Calendar. Liturgy Training Publications. tr. 160. ISBN9781568540115. In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church's traditions are lost or confused.
1 2 Kernan, Joe (ngày 30 tháng 10 năm 2013). “Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think”. Cranston Herald. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 2015. By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed.
1 2 Braden, Donna R.; Village, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield (1988). Leisure and entertainment in America. Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. ISBN9780933728325. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 6 năm 2014. Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children's festivity.
↑ All Hallows' Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal
1 2 Ordinary Time: 31 October Thursday of the Thirtieth Week of Ordinary Time; All Hallows' Eve (Jennifer Gregory Miller), Catholic Culture
↑ Mader, Isabel (ngày 30 tháng 9 năm 2014). “Halloween Colcannon”. Simmer Magazine. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 5 tháng 10 năm 2014. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 10 năm 2014. All Hallow's Eve was a Western (Anglo) Christian holiday that revolved around commemorating the dead using humor to intimidate death itself. Like all holidays, All Hallow's Eve involved traditional treats. The church encouraged an abstinence from meat, which created many vegetarian dishes. Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |df= (trợ giúp)
